HDMI
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
HDMI official logo and standard connector
Type Digital
audio/video/data connector
Production history
Designer HDMI
Founders (7 companies)
HDMI Forum (77 companies)
Designed December
2002
Manufacturer HDMI
adopters (over 1,600 companies)
General specifications
Width Type A (13.9
mm), Type C (10.42 mm), Type D (6.4 mm)
Height Type A (4.45
mm), Type C (2.42 mm), Type D (2.8 mm)
Hot pluggable Yes
External Yes
Audio signal LPCM,
Dolby Digital, DTS, DVD-Audio,Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD High
Resolution Audio, DTS-HD Master Audio, MPCM, DSD, DST
Video signal Maximum
resolution limited by available bandwidth
Pins Types A, C,
& D (19), Type B (29)
Data
Data signal Yes
Bitrate Up to 18
Gbit/s in HDMI 2.0
Protocol TMDS
Pin out
Type A receptacle HDMI (male)
Pin 1 TMDS Data2+
Pin 2 TMDS Data2
Shield
Pin 3 TMDS Data2−
Pin 4 TMDS Data1+
Pin 5 TMDS Data1
Shield
Pin 6 TMDS Data1−
Pin 7 TMDS Data0+
Pin 8 TMDS Data0
Shield
Pin 9 TMDS Data0−
Pin 10 TMDS Clock+
Pin 11 TMDS Clock
Shield
Pin 12 TMDS Clock−
Pin 13 CEC
Pin 14 Reserved
(HDMI 1.0–1.3c), Utility/HEC/ARC (Optional, HDMI 1.4+ with HDMI Ethernet
Channel and Audio Return Channel)
Pin 15 SCL (I²C
Serial Clock for DDC)
Pin 16 SDA (I²C
Serial Data Line for DDC)
Pin 17 DDC/CEC/ARC/HEC
Ground
Pin 18 +5 V (max.
0.05 amp)
Pin 19 Hot Plug
detect (all versions) andHEC/ARC (Optional, HDMI 1.4+ with HDMI Ethernet
Channel and Audio Return Channel)
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a proprietary
audio/video interface for transferringuncompressed video data and compressed or
uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant source device, such as a
display controller, to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital
television, or digital audio device.[1] HDMI is a digital replacement for
analog video standards.
HDMI implements the EIA/CEA-861 standards, which define
video formats and waveforms, transport of compressed, uncompressed, and LPCM
audio, auxiliary data, and implementations of the VESA EDID.[2][3]CEA-861
signals carried by HDMI are electrically compatible with the CEA-861 signals
used by the digital visual interface (DVI). No signal conversion is necessary,
nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used.[4] The
CEC (Consumer Electronics Control) capability allows HDMI devices to control
each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with
one remote control handset.[5]
Several versions of HDMI have been developed and deployed
since initial release of the technology but all use the same cable and
connector. Other than improved audio and video capacity, performance,
resolution and color spaces, newer versions have optional advanced features
such as 3D, Ethernet data connection, andCEC (Consumer Electronics Control)
extensions.
Production of consumer HDMI products started in late
2003.[6] In Europe either DVI-HDCP or HDMI is included in the HD ready in-store
labeling specification for TV sets for HDTV, formulated by EICTA with SES Astra
in 2005. HDMI began to appear on consumer HDTV camcorders and digital still
cameras in 2006.[7][8] As of January 8, 2013 (ten years after the release of
the first HDMI specification), over 3 billion HDMI devices have been
sold.[9][10][11]
Type A
The plug (male) connector outside dimensions are 13.9 mm ×
4.45 mm, and the receptacle (female) connector inside dimensions are 14 mm ×
4.55 mm.[92] There are 19 pins, with bandwidth to carry all SDTV, EDTV and HDTV
modes.[5] It is electrically compatible with single-link DVI-D.[93]
Type B
This connector is 21.2 mm × 4.45 mm and has 29 pins,
carrying six differential pairs instead of three, for use with very
high-resolution future displays such as WQUXGA (3,840×2,400).[93][94] It is
electrically compatible with dual-link DVI-D, but has not yet been used in any
products.[93][95] However, the use of the extra three differential pairs is
reserved as of 1.3 specification.
Type C
This Mini connector is smaller than the type A plug,
measuring 10.42 mm × 2.42 mm but has the same 19-pin configuration.[96][97] It
is intended for portable devices.[1][96][98] The differences are that all
positive signals of the differential pairs are swapped with their corresponding
shield, the DDC/CEC Ground is assigned to pin 13 instead of pin 17, the CEC is
assigned to pin 14 instead of pin 13, and the reserved pin is 17 instead of pin
14.[99] The type C Mini connector can be connected to a type A connector using a
type A-to-type C cable.[96][98]
Type D
This Micro connector shrinks the connector size to something
resembling a micro-USB connector,[98][100][101] measuring only 6.4 mm × 2.8 mm
[102] For comparison, a micro-USB connector is 6.85 mm × 1.8 mm and a USB Type
A connector is 11.5 mm × 4.5 mm. It keeps the standard 19 pins of types A and
C, but the pin assignment is different from both.[103]
Type E
The Automotive Connection System[104] has a locking tab to
keep the cable from vibrating loose and a shell to help prevent moisture and
dirt from interfering with the signals. A relay connector is available for
connecting standard consumer cables to the automotive type.[105]
Cables
Although no maximum length for an HDMI cable is specified,
signal attenuation (dependent on the cable's construction quality and
conducting materials) limits usable lengths in practice.[106][107] HDMI 1.3
defines two cable categories: Category 1-certified cables, which have been
tested at 74.5 MHz (which would include resolutions such as 720p60 and
1080i60), and Category 2-certified cables, which have been tested at 340 MHz
(which would include resolutions such as 1080p60 and 2160p30).[100][108][109]
Category 1 HDMI cables are marketed as "Standard" and Category 2 HDMI
cables as "High Speed".[1] This labeling guideline for HDMI cables
went into effect on October 17, 2008.[110][111] Category 1 and 2 cables can
either meet the required parameter specifications for interpair skew, far-end
crosstalk, attenuation and differential impedance, or they can meet the
required nonequalized/equalized eye diagram requirements.[108] A cable of about
5 meters (16 feet) can be manufactured to Category 1 specifications easily and
inexpensively by using 28 AWG (0.081 mm²) conductors.[106] With better quality
construction and materials, including 24 AWG (0.205 mm²) conductors, an HDMI
cable can reach lengths of up to 15 meters (49 feet).[106] Many HDMI cables
under 5 meters of length that were made before the HDMI 1.3 specification can
work as Category 2 cables, but only Category 2-tested cables are guaranteed to
work for Category 2 purposes.[112]
As of the HDMI 1.4 specification, these are the following
cable types defined for HDMI in general:[113][114]
• Standard
HDMI Cable – up to 1080i and 720p
• Standard
HDMI Cable with Ethernet
• Automotive
HDMI Cable
• High
Speed HDMI Cable – 1080p, 4K, 3D and deep color
• High
Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet
An HDMI cable is usually composed of four shielded twisted
pairs, with impedance of the order of 100 Ω, plus several separate conductors.
Extenders
An HDMI extender is a single device (or pair of devices)
powered with an external power source or with the 5V DC from the HDMI
source.[115][116][117] Long cables can cause instability of HDCP and blinking
on the screen, due to the weakened DDC signal that HDCP requires. HDCP DDC
signals must be multiplexed with TMDS video signals to be compliant with HDCP requirements
for HDMI extenders based on a single Category 5/Category 6 cable.[118][119]
Several companies offeramplifiers, equalizers and repeaters that can string
several standard HDMI cables together. Active HDMI cables use electronics
within the cable to boost the signal and allow for HDMI cables of up to 30
meters (98 feet).,[115] those based on HDBaseT can extend to 100 meters, HDMI
extenders that are based on dual Category 5/Category 6 cable can extend HDMI to
250 meters (820 feet), while HDMI extenders based on optical fiber can extend
HDMI to 300 meters (980 feet).[116][117]
Cost
HDMI manufacturers pay an annual fee of US$10,000 plus a
royalty rate of $0.15 per unit, reduced to $0.05 if the HDMI logo is used, and
further reduced to $0.04 if HDCP is also implemented.[120] An alternative fee
for HDMI manufacturers making fewer than 10,000 units per year is an annual fee
of $5,000 with a royalty rate of $1 per unit.[120] The royalty only applies to
final products and does not apply to products that are included in, or with, a
licensed HDMI product that is already subject to the royalty.[120] An example
is that an HDMI cable sold directly to consumers is paid for by the cable
manufacturer but if the cable manufacturer sells the HDMI cable to a HDTV manufacturer
that includes it with an HDTV subject to the royalty then the HDTV manufacturer
pays only the royalty on the HDTV.[120]
Versions
HDMI devices are manufactured to adhere to various versions
of the specification, in which each version is given a number and/or letter,
such as 1.0, 1.2, or 1.4b.[2]Each subsequent version of the specification uses
the same kind of cable but increases the bandwidth and/or capabilities of what
can be transmitted over the cable.[2] A product listed as having an HDMI
version does not necessarily mean that it will have all of the features that
are listed for that version,[121] since some HDMI features are optional, such
as deep color and xvYCC (which is branded by Sony as
"x.v.Color").[122][123] Note that with the release of the version 1.4
cable, the HDMI Licensing LLC group (which oversees the HDMI standard) will
require that any reference to version numbers be removed from all packaging and
advertising for the cable.[124] Non-cable HDMI products starting on January 1,
2012 will no longer be allowed to reference the HDMI number and will be
required to state which features of the HDMI specification the product
implements.[125]
HDMI 1.0 was released December 9, 2002 and is a single-cable
digital audio/video connector interface with a maximum TMDS bandwidth of 4.95
Gbit/s. It defines up to 3.96 Gbit/s of video bandwidth (1080p/60 Hz or UXGA)
and 8 channel LPCM/192 kHz/24-bit audio.[2] HDMI 1.1 was released on May 20,
2004 and addedDVD-Audio.[2] HDMI 1.2 was released August 8, 2005 and added the
option of One Bit Audio, used on Super Audio CDs, at up to 8 channels. It also
added the availability of HDMI type A connectors for PC sources, the ability
for PC sources to implement only the sRGB color space while retaining the
option to implement the YCbCr color space, and required HDMI 1.2 and later
displays to allow low-voltage sources.[2][43] HDMI 1.2a was released on
December 14, 2005 and fully specifies Consumer Electronic Control (CEC)
features, command sets and CEC compliance tests.[2]
Version 1.3
See also: HDMI 1.3a Specifications
HDMI 1.3 was released June 22, 2006 and increased the
single-link bandwidth to 340 MHz (10.2 Gbit/s).[2][40][126] It optionally
allows deep color, with 30-bit, 36-bit and 48-bit xvYCC, sRGB, or YCbCr,
compared to 24-bit sRGB or YCbCr in previous HDMI versions. It also optionally
allows output of Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio streams for external
decoding by AV receivers.[127] It incorporates automatic audio syncing (audio
video sync) capability.[40] It defined cable Categories 1 and 2, with Category
1 cable being tested up to 74.25 MHz and Category 2 being tested up to 340
MHz.[108] It also added the new type C Mini connector for portable
devices.[96][128]
HDMI 1.3a was released on November 10, 2006 and had Cable
and Sink modifications for type C, source termination recommendations, and
removed undershoot and maximum rise/fall time limits.[2] It also changed CEC
capacitance limits, clarified sRGB video quantization range, and CEC commands
for timer control were brought back in an altered form, with audio control
commands added.[2] It also added the optional ability to stream SACD in its
bitstream DST format rather than uncompressed raw DSD like from HDMI 1.2 onwards.[2]
HDMI 1.3b, 1.3b1 and 1.3c were released on March 26, 2007,
November 9, 2007, and August 25, 2008 respectively. They do not introduce
differences on HDMI features, functions, or performance,[129] but only describe
testing for products based on the HDMI 1.3a specification regarding HDMI
compliance (1.3b [89][130][131]), the HDMI type C Mini connector (1.3b1
[89][130][131]) and active HDMI cables (1.3c [115][132]).[129]
Version 1.4
HDMI 1.4 with audio return channel
HDMI 1.4 was released on May 28, 2009, and the first HDMI
1.4 products were available in the second half of 2009.[100][133]HDMI 1.4
increases the maximum resolution to 4K × 2K, i.e. 4096×2160 at 24 Hz (which is
a resolution used with digital theaters) or 3840×2160 (Ultra HD) at 24 Hz/25
Hz/30 Hz; adds an HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC), which allows for a 100 Mbit/s
Ethernet connection between the two HDMI connected devices so they can share an
Internet connection;[51] and introduces an audio return channel (ARC),[50] 3D
Over HDMI, a new Micro HDMI Connector, expanded set of color spaces, with the
addition of sYCC601, Adobe RGB and Adobe YCC601; and an Automotive Connection
System.[100][134][135][136][137]HDMI 1.4 defines several stereoscopic 3D
formats including field alternative (interlaced), frame packing (a full
resolution top-bottom format), line alternative full, side-by-side half,
side-by-side full, 2D + depth, and 2D + depth + graphics + graphics depth
(WOWvx),[98][138][139] with additional top/bottom formats added in version 1.4a.
HDMI 1.4 requires that 3D displays implement the frame packing 3D format at
either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24.[139] High Speed HDMI 1.3
cables work with all HDMI 1.4 features except for the HDMI Ethernet
Channel.[98][138][139]
HDMI 1.4a was released on March 4, 2010 and adds two
additional mandatory 3D formats for broadcast content, which was deferred with
HDMI 1.4 in order to see the direction of the 3D broadcast market.[140][141]
HDMI 1.4a has defined mandatory 3D formats for broadcast, game, and movie
content.[140] HDMI 1.4a requires that 3D displays implement the frame packing
3D format at either 720p50 and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24, side-by-side
horizontal at either 1080i50 or 1080i60, and top-and-bottom at either 720p50
and 1080p24 or 720p60 and 1080p24.[141]
HDMI 1.4b was released on October 11, 2011.[142] One of the
new features is that it adds the ability to carry 3D 1080p video at 120 Hz –
allowing frame packing 3D format at 1080p60 per Eye (120 Hz total).[143] All
future versions of the HDMI specification will be made by the HDMI Forum that
was created on October 25, 2011.[37][144]
Version 2.0
HDMI 2.0, referred to by some manufacturers as HDMI UHD, was
released on September 4, 2013.[145]
HDMI 2.0 increases the maximum TMDS per channel throughput
from 3.4 Gbit/s to 6 Gbit/s which allows for a maximum total TMDS throughput of
18 Gbit/s.[145]This allows HDMI 2.0 to carry 4K resolution at 60 frames per
second (fps).[145][146][147] Other features of HDMI 2.0 include the options of
the Rec. 2020 color space, Dual View, 4:2:0 chroma subsampling, 25 fps 3D
formats, up to 32 channels of audio, up to 1536 kHz audio (for example 7.1
channels of 192kHz), up to 4 audio streams, 21:9 aspect ratio, the HE-AAC and
DRA audio standards, dynamic auto lip-sync, improved 3D capability, and
additional CEC functions.[145]
Version
comparison
Note that a given product may choose to implement a subset
of the given HDMI version. Certain features such as deep color and xvYCC are
optional.[122]
HDMI version 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0
Date initially released December
9, 2002 May 20, 2004 August 8, 2005 June 22, 2006 May 28,
2009 September 4, 2013
Maximum pixel clock rate (MHz)
165 165 165 340 340[98]
600[148][149]
Maximum TMDS throughput per channel (Gbit/s) including
8b/10b overhead 1.65 1.65 1.65 3.40 3.40 6
Maximum total TMDS throughput (Gbit/s) including 8b/10b
overhead 4.95 4.95 4.95 10.2 10.2 18
Maximum throughput (Gbit/s) with 8b/10b overhead removed 3.96 3.96 3.96 8.16 8.16 14.4
Maximum audio throughput (Mbit/s)
36.86 36.86 36.86 36.86 36.86 49.152
(IEC61937 and DST audio)
Maximum color depth (bit/px) 24 24 24 48[a]
48 48
Maximum consumer resolution over single link at 24-bit/px[b]
1920×1200p60 1920×1200p60 1920×1200p60 2560×1600p60 4096×2160p24[153]
4096×2160p60
Maximum consumer 3D resolution over single link at24-bit/px
1920×1080p24 1920×1080p60
4096×2160p24
1. Jump up^
36-bit capability is mandatory for deep-color-compatible consumer electronic
devices, with 48-bit capability being optional.[150]
2. Jump up^
Maximum resolution is based on CVT-RB, which is a VESA standard for
non-CRT-based displays.[151] Using CVT-RB 1920×1200/60p would have a video
bandwidth of 4.63 Gbit/s, 2560×1600/60p would have a video bandwidth of 8.07
Gbit/s, 4096×2160/30p would have a video bandwidth of 8.40 Gbit/s, and
4096×2160/60p would have a video bandwidth of 17.04 Gbit/s. All values include
TMDS 8b/10b encoding overhead.[152]
HDMI version 1.0 1.1 1.2
1.2a 1.3
1.3a
1.3b
1.3b1
1.3c 1.4
1.4a
1.4b 2.0
sRGB
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
YCbCr 4:2:2/4:4:4
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
8 channel LPCM, 192 kHz, 24-bit audio capability Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD video and audio at full
resolution[a]
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Consumer Electronic Control (CEC)[b]
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
DVD-Audio
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Super Audio CD (DSD) [c]
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Deep color
No No No Yes Yes Yes
xvYCC
No No No Yes Yes Yes
Auto lip-sync
No No No Yes Yes Yes
Dolby TrueHD bitstream capable
No No No Yes Yes Yes
DTS-HD Master Audio bitstream capable No No No Yes Yes Yes
Updated list of CEC commands[d]
No No No Yes Yes Yes
3D over HDMI[135]
No No No No Yes Yes
Ethernet channel No No No No Yes Yes
Audio return channel (ARC) No No No No Yes Yes
4K resolution at 30 fps[136]
No No No No Yes Yes
4K resolution at 60 fps[157]
No No No No No Yes
1920x1080 resolution at 120 fps No No No No [citation needed]
[citation needed]
Rec. 2020 color space[158]
No No No No No Yes
YCbCr 4:2:0[159]
No No No No No Yes
32 channel audio[157]
No No No No No Yes
1536 kHz total audio[157]
No No No No No Yes
4 audio streams[157]
No No No No No Yes
2 video streams (Dual View)[157]
No No No No No Yes
21:9 aspect ratio[157]
No No No No No Yes
1. Jump up^
Even for a compressed audio codec that a given HDMI version cannot transport,
the source device may be able to decode the audio codec and transmit the audio
as uncompressed LPCM.
2. Jump up^
CEC has been in the HDMI specification since version 1.0, but only began to be
used in consumer electronics products with HDMI version 1.3a.[154][155]
3. Jump up^
Playback of SACD may be possible for older HDMI versions if the source device
(such as the Oppo 970) converts to LPCM.[156]
4. Jump up^
Large number of additions and clarifications for CEC commands. One addition is
CEC command, allowing for volume control of an AV receiver.[70]
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